Abstract: Kugeza ubu, isi yabanje gushiraho imiterere yinganda zishingiye kuri Amerika ya ruguru, Uburayi, na Aziya, buriwese ufite ibyiza bikomeye mubice bitandukanye.Ubukungu bwateye imbere buhagarariwe n’Amerika, Ubuyapani, n’Ubudage bifite ubushobozi bwo gukora inganda zose zikoresha urumuri rwa LED bifite akarusho ku isoko ryo mu rwego rwo hejuru, hamwe n’ibikoresho bigezweho ndetse na sisitemu y’inganda zuzuye, ariko zirafashwe. mu mirimo, mu bikoresho, no mu ngo.igiciro cyinshi…
Iterambere ry'inganda
Kugeza ubu, isi yabanje gushyiraho inganda zishingiye ku turere dutatu twinshi two muri Amerika ya Ruguru, Uburayi na Aziya, buri gihugu kikaba gifite ibyiza bikomeye mu nzego zitandukanye.Ubukungu bwateye imbere buhagarariwe n’Amerika, Ubuyapani, n’Ubudage bifite ubushobozi bwo gukora inganda zose zikoresha urumuri rwa LED bifite akarusho ku isoko ryo mu rwego rwo hejuru, hamwe n’ibikoresho bigezweho ndetse na sisitemu y’inganda zuzuye, ariko zirafashwe. mu mirimo, mu bikoresho, no mu ngo.Inzitizi zihanitse ntizagize ingaruka zingana.Mu masoko agaragara muri Aziya, ibihugu nku Buhinde, Vietnam, nibindi, byateje imbere inganda zamurika LED nyuma, bifite ubushobozi bwo gukora ibicuruzwa, ariko inkunga yinganda zabo ntabwo zuzuye, kandi bahura nibibazo bikomeye bya politiki nubukungu ndetse no hasi imibereho myiza.nibindi bibazo, biragoye gushiraho irushanwa mugihe gito.
Nkuruganda rwisi rwinganda zumucyo wa LED ku isi, Ubushinwa nicyo gihugu kinini ku isi kandi cyohereza ibicuruzwa hanze ya LED.Ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora no gukora inganda zose zinganda zikora amatara ya LED, kandi ifite irushanwa rikomeye mubikorwa, ubushakashatsi niterambere no kugurisha ibicuruzwa bimurika LED.
Byongeye kandi, mu myaka yashize, ubushobozi bw’umusaruro w’urumuri rwa LED bwagutse vuba, bituma inganda zita cyane hamwe n’ipiganwa rikomeye ku isoko.Ibicuruzwa mpuzamahanga byo ku murongo wa mbere nka Signify na Osram, kimwe n'ibirango byo mu murongo wa mbere mu gihugu nka Oppo Lighting, bifata igice kinini cy'isoko ry'ibicuruzwa hagati kugeza ku rwego rwo hejuru bitewe n'ibirango byabo bikomeye, umuyoboro, imiyoborere na ubushakashatsi bwikoranabuhanga nibyiza byo kwiteza imbere.Ibigo bimwe na bimwe bigenda bimurika LED bifite imiterere ya tekiniki hamwe nubushobozi bwiterambere ryibicuruzwa nabyo byafashe amahirwe yo guteza imbere inganda gutera imbere byihuse, byinjira neza mumasoko y'ibicuruzwa hagati-kugeza hejuru-byiciro kandi bigatwara umugabane runaka ku isoko.Benshi mu bakora inganda ntoya n’iciriritse LED yamurika, kubera imbogamizi zikoranabuhanga ryibicuruzwa byabo, ubuziranenge, ikirango hamwe numuyoboro, cyane cyane bahatanira igiciro kumasoko yo hasi.
Ibiranga inganda
Ikiringo
Hamwe no gukura gahoro gahoro tekinoroji ya LED, hamwe no kwita no kuyobora politiki yo kubungabunga ingufu n’ibibazo byo kurengera ibidukikije ku isi, inganda zamurika LED zatangije amahirwe menshi y’iterambere, bityo ibiranga ibihe ntibigaragara.
Intara
Kugeza ubu, inganda zamurika LED ku isi zabanje gushyiraho inganda no gukwirakwiza inganda zishingiye ku turere dutatu twinshi twa Aziya, Uburayi na Amerika y'Amajyaruguru.Ubushinwa n’ibanze by’ibicuruzwa n’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga ibicuruzwa bimurika LED ku isi, kandi Aziya, Uburayi na Amerika ya Ruguru ni byo bicuruzwa by’ibicuruzwa by’ingenzi ku isi.
Igihe
Imirima yo gukoresha ibicuruzwa bimurika LED iragutse cyane, kandi harakenewe igihe kirekire kandi gihamye gikenewe mubikorwa bitandukanye nkubuzima bwa buri munsi, ubucuruzi, umusaruro, ubwubatsi, ubwikorezi, nibindi, bityo rero muri rusange ibihe biranga isoko ntabwo bigaragara.Nyamara, ibicuruzwa bya LED byerekana ibicuruzwa mubice byisoko bigenewe cyane cyane abakiriya babucuruzi.Bitewe ningaruka zumuco gakondo wo gukoresha, igihe cyibiruhuko akenshi nigihe cyo kugurisha.Mugihe cya "Noheri" mubihugu byamahanga, abafite ibicuruzwa bazongera kuzamura no kugurisha ibicuruzwa byamurika mubucuruzi.Kubwibyo, igice cya kabiri cyumwaka nigihe cyo kugurisha inganda zumucyo.Mugice cya mbere cyumwaka nyuma yikiruhuko cyumwaka mushya, kugurisha birasa.Kubwibyo, hari ibihe bimwe na bimwe biranga ibihe mu nganda zimurika.
Inzira nimpamvu zimpinduka murwego rwinyungu zinganda
Isoko ryo hepfo yinganda zamurika LED zifite uburyo bwinshi bwo gusaba no gukenera isoko rikomeye.LED itanga isoko ihura nisoko rikomeye ryisoko, kandi inyungu yibicuruzwa ni mike.Amatara rusange nisoko rinini ryo gukoresha ibicuruzwa bimurika LED, kandi iterambere ryimirenge yaryo riratandukanye cyane.Umwanya wo kumurika urugo uragenda winjira mugihe gikuze, kandi uburyo bwo guhatanira isoko bwashizweho.yakubiswe ku rugero runaka.
Ibice byisoko nkamatara yubucuruzi no kumurika inganda biri murwego rwiterambere ryihuse.Hamwe nogukomeza gukungahaza ibyifuzo byihariye kandi byihariye byabakiriya bumucyo wubucuruzi, no kunoza ibintu byerekana amatara yinganda kumutekano, ihumure, ubwenge nibindi bisabwa, amatara yubucuruzi Ibice byisoko nkamatara yinganda n’itara ry’inganda bizakomeza gutera imbere byihuse, kandi bitandukanye. nibicuruzwa byihariye bikunda kugira ibicuruzwa byongerewe agaciro hamwe ninyungu nyinshi.
Isesengura ryamahirwe nibibazo byugarije inganda
Amahirwe yahuye nayo
A. Ibihugu ku isi biteza imbere kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa bimurika LED no gushyigikira politiki y'igihugu
Mu rwego rwo kunoza imikorere y’ingufu, kurengera ibidukikije, no guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku isi, guverinoma z’ibihugu / uturere byateye imbere nka Amerika, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, n’Ubuyapani byatanze politiki yo guhagarika amatara gakondo yaka umuriro no gushyigikira no guteza imbere iterambere ryinganda zimurika LED.
B. Tekinoroji ya LED ikomeje gutera imbere, ibiciro bikomeza kugabanuka
Iterambere ryikoranabuhanga rigena iterambere ryihuse ryinganda za LED.Gusimbuza amatara azigama ingufu n'ibicuruzwa bimurika LED niyo nzira yiterambere ryinganda zimurika.Iterambere rya tekinoroji ya LED igaragara cyane mubice bibiri: Icya mbere, gukomeza kunoza imikorere yumucyo.Dukurikije amakuru afatika, mu mwaka wa 2018, urumuri rwiza rwa LED yera y’inganda zifite ingufu zirenga 180lm / W, urumuri rwiza rw’amatara yo mu nzu ya LED rwarenze 100lm / W, kandi n’urumuri rumuri rw’amatara yo hanze yarenze 130lm / W;kabiri, igiciro cyibiciro cyakomeje kugabanuka.Ingaruka zogutezimbere tekinoroji ya chip yo hejuru, kongera ubushobozi bwumusaruro no gutezimbere ibikorwa byo kumurika amatara, igiciro cyibikoresho nyamukuru byagabanutse buhoro buhoro, bigabanya ibiciro byumusaruro wamatara ya LED.Nk’uko imibare ibigaragaza, ukurikije igiciro cy’itara rya LED rihwanye na watt 60, igiciro cyacyo cyari hafi $ 45-50 US $ kuri buri gice muri Mutarama 2011, ariko muri Nyakanga 2018, igiciro cyari cyaragabanutse kugera munsi y’amadolari 10 y’Amerika Igiciro y'ibicuruzwa bimurika LED byegereye buhoro buhoro igiciro cyamatara gakondo azigama ingufu.
C. Umwanya wo gusaba ibicuruzwa bya LED bikomeza kwaguka
Hamwe niterambere ryihuse rya tekinoroji ya LED, ibipimo ngenderwaho byibicuruzwa bimurika LED nko gutuza, ubuzima bwa serivisi, ubwenge, CRI, imikorere yumucyo biragenda bikura, bikagera kumiterere yu isoko.LED yamurika ibicuruzwa ntabwo byujuje gusa amatara rusange Ariko, ukurikije ibintu bitandukanye bisabwa, imirima itandukanye ikoreshwa, kandi isoko ryiyongera kandi ryaguka.Mbere ya za 90, inganda zamurika LED zari mu ntangiriro yiterambere.Sisitemu y'ibara rya sisitemu yari imwe kandi igiciro cyari kinini.Isoko ryo gusaba ryatewe ahanini no gukenera amatara yerekana ibimenyetso n'amatara yerekana.Kuva mu myaka ya za 90 kugeza hagati ya za 90, inganda zamurika LED zinjiye mu buryo bwihuse Mu cyiciro cy’iterambere, iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ry’ubururu n’icyatsi n’igabanuka ry’ibiciro by’ibicuruzwa byatumye itara rya LED ryamamara cyane mu bucuruzi kandi rihinduka imbaraga nyamukuru. hagamijwe iterambere ryisoko rya LED muri kiriya gihe;hamwe no gukura kwiterambere ryikoranabuhanga hamwe no kurushaho kugabanuka kwibiciro, mumyaka yashize ibicuruzwa byamatara ya Lai LED byagiye byinjira mubice byinshi nko kumurika amazu no kumurika inganda, bikora isoko rinini rishobora gukoreshwa.Mu bihe biri imbere, hamwe n’iterambere ry’amatara nyaburanga, amatara y’imodoka n’indi mirenge, isoko ry’amatara ya LED rizakomeza kwiyongera vuba.
D. Ubushinwa bufite urumuri rwuzuye rwa LED rumurika, kandi inganda zinjiye mubyiciro byiterambere
uruganda rwanjye rumurika LED rwatangiye mu mpera za 1960.Nyuma yimyaka hafi 50 yiterambere, uruganda rwanjye rwa LED rumurika LED rumaze kugera kubintu bitangaje, harimo gukora wafer ya LED epitaxial, gutegura chip ya LED, gupakira no gukoresha ibicuruzwa bya LED.Harimo urwego rwuzuye rwinganda.Muri icyo gihe, Ubushinwa bwita cyane ku bushakashatsi no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rya LED, kandi ryatangije imishinga yo kumurika icyatsi n’imishinga yo kumurika igice cya kabiri.Shyigikira ubushakashatsi niterambere hamwe ninganda zinganda za tekinoroji ya LED, bityo ugire ubushakashatsi bwiza nishingiro ryiterambere, kandi ufite ibyiza bimwe na bimwe mumashanyarazi ya LED yamurika.
E. Ibipimo by’inganda mu Bushinwa bigenda bitera imbere, kandi iterambere risanzwe ryabaye icyerekezo
Mu myaka yashize, iyobowe n’inzego za leta nka komisiyo y’igihugu ishinzwe iterambere n’ivugurura, komisiyo y’igihugu y’ubuziranenge, Minisiteri y’ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga, Minisiteri y’inganda n’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho, no kuzamura imiryango n’inganda bireba, ibizamini bya LED byerekana ibizamini no gutanga ibyemezo byateye imbere.Dukurikije imibare y’urwego rusanzwe rw’ibikorwa rusange bya serivisi rusange, kugeza ku ya 31 Gicurasi 2021, igihugu cyanjye cyashyize ahagaragara ibipimo ngenderwaho by’igihugu 187, ibipimo nganda 174, n’ibipimo 247 by’ibanze bijyanye no gucana amatara ya LED, kandi bigakora cyane ibikorwa by’icyitegererezo mu matsinda kandi yagize uruhare rugaragara mumuryango mpuzamahanga ISO / TC274 akazi keza.
Mubyongeyeho, igipimo cyo gukoresha ibicuruzwa bimurika LED ni byinshi kandi binini, kandi imirima yacyo yo hasi nko kubibuga byo hanze, stade, nibindi byashizeho buhoro buhoro ubuyobozi bwihariye.Byongeye kandi, Minisiteri ya Gari ya moshi, Minisiteri y’itumanaho, na Minisiteri y’umutekano rusange na bo bashyizeho ibipimo ngenderwaho bijyanye n’ibicuruzwa bitanga amatara ya LED.Gushiraho ibipimo ngenderwaho byavuzwe haruguru bizafasha guteza imbere iterambere ryitondewe kandi risanzwe ryinganda zamurika LED.
Ibibazo byahuye nabyo
A. Ikoranabuhanga ryibanze rifite intege nke
Kugeza ubu, igice kinini cy’ibicuruzwa bimurika LED byoherezwa mu mahanga, kandi amasoko y’ibihugu / uturere byateye imbere mu Burayi no muri Amerika bitandukanye n’isoko ry’imbere.Bafite uburyo bworoshye bwo kugera kandi batezimbere uburyo bwo gucunga ikizere.Ibicuruzwa bimurika LED bishyiraho uburyo bwo kubona isoko.Nyamara, tekinoloji yibanze yibigo byanjye byo mu gihugu cya LED bimurika mu bijyanye n’ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, igishushanyo mbonera, imicungire y’amashanyarazi, hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga ryo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe bimaze igihe kinini cyane.Amashanyarazi ya LED nta nyungu zo guhatanira ikoranabuhanga.Inzitizi zikomeye ku masoko yateye imbere.
B. Ingaruka yibirango bya LED yamurika murugo birakomeye
Urebye iterambere ry’uturere dutandukanye ku isi, inganda zamurika LED ku isi ubu zashizeho uburyo butatu bwo gukwirakwiza inganda no guhatana byiganjemo Amerika, Aziya, n’Uburayi, kandi byerekanye ko Ubuyapani, Amerika , n'Ubudage ni abayobozi b'inganda.Ubushinwa Tayiwani na Koreya y'Epfo byakurikiraniraga hafi, kandi Ubushinwa, Maleziya n'ibindi bihugu / uturere byakurikiranye cyane isaranganya rya echelon.Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, ibihangange mpuzamahanga nka Signify na Osram bifite umwanya munini ku isoko ku bicuruzwa byo mu rwego rwo hejuru.Bafite umwihariko wabo mubicuruzwa no mumasoko, bakora urunigi rwuzuye rwinganda rwamatara ya LED, kandi bakoresha inyungu zabo mubicuruzwa bishya nubuhanga bushya.Ibyiza byo guhanga udushya, cyane cyane mubikorwa byo kongera ibicuruzwa byongerewe agaciro, kumenya ikoranabuhanga ryibanze nkibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, igishushanyo mbonera, gucunga ingufu, hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga ryo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe.Nyamara, amasosiyete yo kumurika LED yo mu gihugu afite intege nke zo kwamamaza no kongera agaciro, cyangwa gukurikirana igipimo cyo kugurisha no kwirengagiza kubaka ibicuruzwa, kandi hariho ibigo bike byamamaza bifite irushanwa mpuzamahanga.
C.Ikintu cyo guhatanira abahuje ibitsina kirakomeye
Ibicuruzwa byahuje ibitsina byahoze ari kimwe mubibazo byugarije igihugu cyanjye LED kimurika.Kubera ko isoko rya LED rimurika ryiterambere ryihuse, ibigo bimwe na bimwe bito n'ibiciriritse mu nganda byashora imari mike mubushakashatsi bwibicuruzwa n’ikoranabuhanga mu iterambere no mu iterambere, cyane cyane binyuze mu gukoresha ibicuruzwa bihenze cyane.Igiciro kibanziriza isoko, biganisha kumarushanwa runaka adahwitse no guhuza ibicuruzwa mubucuruzi bwurumuri rwa LED.Ibi bibazo ntabwo bigira ingaruka gusa ku nyungu zamasosiyete yamurika LED, ariko kandi ntabwo bifasha iterambere ryiza kandi rirambye ryinganda zamurika LED.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Apr-06-2022